Upper Paleolithic Siberian Migrations to the Near East via Silk Road

Iran→South Caspian Coast→Zagros Mountains→- Introduction Southern Mesopotamia→Northern Iraq→Southeas-

"THE LONG WALK HYPOTHESIS", WHICH tern Anatolia.

was developed in one of the recent theoretical stu- 'The theory', based on the available data in the

dies (Güneri, 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) based on the information that Upper Paleolithic, defines the ‘only one’ language

at the end of The Last Glacial Maximum (18.000- spoken in the Angara-Baykal (Yenisey-Lena)

14.000 BP) in Yenisey-Lena region there had been region as the 'Archaic Yenisey-Lena Culture/

small groups of people who spoke ‘only one’ langu- Language'. (Güneri, 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Until 14.000 BP, only

age, predicts that at the end of this time period a one language was spoken in the region, but after this

part of these groups of people had spread to various point of time, the peoples of the 'Archaic Yenisey-

regions through migration (Güneri, 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Accor- Lena Culture', aiming for different geographies,

ding to the results of these studies (Güneri, 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) developed their languages in different lands and in

before 14.000s BP, the mass migrations - leaving different directions over a long period of time. So,

from the area restricted by Yenisey in the West, while it was a single language before 14.000 BP, in

Angara River which fed Yenisey in the North and about five to six thousand years until the Neolithic

Baykal region in the South- arrived at the Near East Ages, the 'Archaic Yenisey-Lena Language' would

walking west. The majority of the distance traveled turn into different languages that developed in

between Syberia – East Anatolia passes through the different directions both in North Asia and in

Silk Road line. (Fig. 1): Angara-Baykal→Yenisey distant geographies. At the end of the development

Valley→Xinjiang-Uyghur→East Kazakhstan→Sout- processes of the languages, there will be nothing

hern Kyrgyzstan→Southern Turkmenia→Northern shared in between those languages, except for

Figure 1. The Long Walk Hypothesis

Source: Bayburt, n.d.

the agglutinative language feature and plenty of America)' at the latest 14.000 BP were indigenous

common words. The group of people from 'Archaic peoples from the Altai. According to the results

Yenisey-Lena culture' seeking a way in the West of these studies, the migrations from the Altai

must have developed their languages in different targeting North America did not take place long

directions in different lands after leaving their own before 14.000 BP.

regions. In the Near East, they arrived at during Stone tool industries using the pressure

the Epi-Paleolithic period, these peoples (such as technique that emerged without pre-development

Sumerians, Elamite, Hurrians, Hyksos, Kassite, and suddenly in Central Asia, Eastern Europe,

Guti, 'Luristan Blacksmiths' etc.) (Fig. 2) would Scandinavia, and finally the Near East since the

have spoken their own agglutinative languages over end of the Upper Paleolithic period -which is

time.1 widely accepted as originating from the 'cultural

Recent studies confirm the conclusion that territory of the Altai' 2- are considered to be a

the migrations targeting the 'New World (North development in parallel with the simultaneous

Figure 2. The Long Walk Hypothesis

Source: Bayburt, n.d.

Figure 3. Pressure microblading technique the cultural mixes with communities of different

origins that Early North Asian peoples encountered in distant geographies, through the findings of both archaeological and genetics researches. The identification of these cultural and biological mixtures offers an important way out in determining the identities of the successor cultures that emerged in the Holocene. Thus, these scientific inferences will bring together the presentation of earliest evidence to illuminate the belonging related to language families, where intense debates took place in the scientific world (Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). A group of academics who consider themselves interested in the subject, especially the authors of this article, think that the creators of the Southeastern Anatolian 'PPN Göbeklitepe Culture' may have come from outside. We should think that the 'PPN Göbeklitepe Culture', which suddenly emerged with a developed understanding of depictive art, was at least shaped as a result of strong cultural influences

extensive expansion of 'Ancient North Eurasians' from outside. According to the authors of this article,

hunter-gatherers, which are the technology's carriers this cultural phenomenon, which probably moved

(Figs. 3-13). In the early periods of the Pre-pottery from Northern Asia and followed the Southern

Neolithic (PPN), the 'pressure technique stone tool shores of the Caspian to the Zagros region, must

industries' that abruptly emerged on the eastern have landed in the Southeast Anatolian region via

flank of the Fertile Crescent in the Near East, formed the Zagros-Northern Iraq. The pressure micro-

a pillar of the regional expansion. We briefly describe blade tradition, which has a special place among the

this development as follows: We can think that one Epi-Paleolithic stone tool industries in the Zagros-

of the components of the 'PPN Göbeklitepe Culture', Northern Iraq region, spread to the region, most

which emerged without a pre-development process probably as a result of this Northern Asian cultural

in Southeastern Anatolia, is related to a hunter- movement.

gatherer community coming from outside. The Because the climate was mild until 25.000 BP,

results of recent aDNA studies--discussed below-- the Western slopes of the Zagros harbored many

interestingly support the said spread. In this context, hunter-gatherer groups,3 and many of these camps

we hypothetically think that the existence of cultural were abandoned in the end of this period due

groups speaking Sumerian, Elamite, Hurrian, to the dry and cold climate. After 17.000 BP, the

Hiksos, Kassite, Gutian, 'Luristan Blacksmiths' and Zagros were resettled, which lasted until the dry

other regional agglutinative languages, almost all of and cold climate wave called the "Younger Dryas"4.

which are understood to be of Zagros origin, may be At the beginning of this period, hunter-gatherers

related to these earliest migrations. who evacuated themselves from the Zagros must

We can trace the migrations in question and have started to migrate towards the Northern part

Figure 4. Pressure microblading technique we would like to define the findings that we have

reached by evaluating the results of the existing research, as only the movements in front of the light beams that leak through the small windows opened by the limited material, but as vivid as possible. Systematic research to be carried out between Siberia and Anatolia will bring different expansions together. Now, we move on to the details of the main idea that we have included in this general framework. The Fertile Crescent, the core region of the Aceramic Neolithic period in the Near East, has been known to consist of two main cultural regions as the Eastern and Western wings, so far. We divide the region today into three main parts,

Source: Clark, 2012. according to new data: The Zagros (Eastern part),

the Southeastern Anatolia (Northern part) and of the Fertile Crescent, namely the Southeastern the Levantine (Western part) and . Archaeological Anatolian 'PPN Göbeklitepe Culture' region. Before studies are much more detailed in the Western the food production, the only inhabited area in Iran part than the others. The Zagros and the Levantine other than the western slopes of the Zagros was parts are interestingly culturally different. Cultural the Southern Caspian. Except for the Zagros and disconnections are severe. The border is in the Northwest Iran, the regions were largely vacant due Northern part of the Tigris and Euphrates, around to unfavorable climate conditions. On the other

hand, in the western parts of the Fertile Crescent, we Figure 5. Pressure microblading technique

see the Natufian culture, completely different from the Zarzi culture. Therefore, at the beginning of the "Younger Dryas" dry and cold climate wave, with the possible effects of North Asian migrations, the point where the march from the Zagros-Northern Iraq region came to an end was probably the Southeastern Anatolia region.

Pressure Technique of Micro-blade Stone Industries Traveling to the Near East via Silk Road

There has not been a deep, detailed, comprehensive research about the production of micro-blades by using the pressure technique in various cultural

regions in Eurasia until the Bronze Ages. Therefore, Source: Pelegrin, 2012.

Northeast Syria (Nishiaki & Darabi 2018, p. 1-2Nishiaki & Darabi (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Figure 6. Pressure microblading technique

PPN Göbeklitepe Culture developed relations mainly with the Zagros-Northern Iraqi cultural environment and was influenced by this environment throughout the period. In addition, it is understood that it has local characteristics. The Zagros-Levantine-Eastern Anatolian Epipaleolithic shows similarities and differences in some respects. One of the culturally differentiating aspects of the Zagros and Levantine is determined by the identities of the stone tools industries (Kozlowski 1994, pp. 143-144)⁵. In the Levantine part, blades and micro-blades are extracted by the 'direct percussion technique' and from the bipolar naviform cores. In the Eastern part, the cores from which blade/bladelets/micro-blades were extracted are generally conical or subconical with a single percusion platform. While direct percussion technique was used to pre-form such cores, indirect percussion technique was used to open percussion platform and chipping surface, followed by 'pressure technique' for systematic extraction of blanks (Kozlowski, 1994,

pp. 148-149; Olszewski, 1994, p. 86. -87; Inizan, 159; Nishiaki & Nagai, 2011, pp. 91-93; Nishiaki &

Lechevallier & Plumet, 1992, pp. 671-672, 675; Darabi, 2018, pp. 9-11; Kayacan, 2015, pp. 331-342;

Inizan & Lechevallier, 1994, pp. 23-29). The earliest Milic & Horejs, 2017, p. .31-32). The widespread use

evidence for the use of pressure technique, which of the pressure technique in Central and Western

appeared abruptly in the Zagros region, despite Anatolia10 started with the spread of the “Neolithic

some problems with radio-carbon dating, came Package” from the 7th millennium BC (Erdoğdu

from the M'lefaat settlement on the Northwest and Çevik, 2020, p. 50 ff.) (Binder, 2007, p. 241;

outskirts of the Zagros (Szymczak, 2002, p. 230Szymczak (2002). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Binder et al., 2012, pp. 212-213; Kayacan, 2015, pp.

The use of the pressure technique was spread 326, 343, 348-358; Milic & Horejs, 2017, pp. 38-

along the Zagros in the South⁶, in the North and 40; Gatsov & Özdogan, 1994, pp. 102-110; Gatsov,

West directions to the Tigris basin in Northern 2016, p. 107; Gatsov et al., 2017, p. 308).

Iraq⁷, to the Euphrates basin in Northern Syria⁸, The emergence of the pressure technique in

to Southeastern Anatolia⁹ and although it is a the Near East has survived to the present day

singular and fugacious example, even to Kaletepe as a controversial issue. Some researchers tend

in Central Anatolia (8300-8200 BC) (Kozlowski, to see the origin of stone industries using this

1989, p. 30; Kozlowski, 1994, pp. 156-158; Binder, technique in the Epi-paleolithic Zarzi culture in

2007, pp. 236-241; Tsuneki, Zeidi & Ohnuma, the Zagros (Olszewski, 1994, p. 87; Kozlowski,

2007, p. 19; Altınbilek-Algül et al. , 2012, pp. 158- 1994, p. 169). On the other hand, the connection

Figure 7. Pressure microblading technique The use of the pressure technique in the Upper

Paleolithic stone industries in North Asia has a long tradition. The earliest examples of the systematic use of pressure technique in stone industries in North Asia are in Northern China13. It is emphasized to look for the origin of these stone industries, which appeared abruptly in Northern China, in the Siberian Early Upper Paleolithic (ca. 39.000/38.000-31.000/30.000 / Heinrich-4 to Heinrich-3) stone industries (Ust'-Karakol Tradition; "Proto-Micro-blade Technology") (Kuzmin, 2007, pp. 115-118Kuzmin (2007). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.; Keates, 2007, pp. 125-129Keates (2007). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.; Berkant, 2020, pp. 419-425Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Bladebased stone industries in Mongolia disappeared at the beginning of the Sartan Phase (OIS-2), which started after the Heinrich-3 (approximately 31.000/30.000 BP)14 event and experienced adverse

between Zarzi and M'lefaat stone industries is climate conditions (Gladyshev et al., 2010, p. 39;

broken; both the absence of cultural layers that Rybin et al.., 2016, p. 6). The situation is the same

are expected to show local development and the in the Northwest Altai. According to the findings,

time difference (Nishiaki & Darabi, 2018, p. 9Nishiaki & Darabi (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) communities in Southern Siberia withdrew

prevent this connection. Some researchers (Inizan to micro-climate areas where environmental

& Lechevallier, 1994, p. 23; Binder, 2007, pp. 240- Figure 8. Pressure microblading technique 241; Altınbilek-Algül et al., 2012; Milic & Horejs, 2017, pp. 42-43; Nishiaki & Darabi, 2018, p. 9) cautiously attribute this development to the Near East to the Caucasus-Central Asia and even North Asia, considering the possibility that the origin of this technique may be 'outside'. However, the problem of the origin of the pressure technique seen in the Near East is briefly overlooked and expressed in a few sentences. The clearest view on the origin of the pressure technique seen in the Near East belongs to M.L. Inizan (Inizan, 2012, pp. 35-37Inizan (2012). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The author claims that the roots of this technique are in North Asia, and from there it spread to the surrounding geographies11. The author has not made a clear judgment about through which socio-cultural processes this spread may have taken place12.

Figure 9. Pressure microblading technique 32.000 years from the Yana-RHS settlement in

the Arctic make up the "North Siberians" genetic cluster. The ancestors of these two genetic clusters probably descended from an ancestral population that lived in the Angara-Baykal region around 38.000 BP (Sikora et al., 2018, p. 7, Supp. 66Sikora et al. (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Stone industries using the pressure technique were found in Korea without a premise (Bae & Bae, 2012, pp. 27-33Bae & Bae (2012). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.; Coutouly, 2018, pp. 14-16Coutouly (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) and Hokkaido Island in Japan (Sato & Tsutsumi, 2007, p. 55Sato & Tsutsumi (2007). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.), after the earliest examples appeared in Northern China. After the GS-3 (27,500- 23,300 BP), with relatively favorable climatic development, in Central Amur17, Yakutia18 and

conditions were more suitable such as the Yenisey- Sakhalin19, true micro-blade industries using the

Angara basins, in Southern Siberia, during the pressure technique have emerged in Southern

Last Glacial Maximum (26.500-19.000 BP) , which Siberia and Northern Mongolia. In TransBaykal20

includes the coldest part of the Sartan Phase (about and Cis-Baykal21, Yenisey22, Northern Mongolia23

30.000-11,800 years ago). Under these conditions, and Northwest Altai24, Late Upper Paleolithic

we can say that the communities that formed stone industries, in which the pressure technique

the earliest true micro-blade industries in North was used, began to appear (Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

China did not remain in Southern Siberia but left As in the "Last Glacial Maximum", the

there and migrated to the East15. population in Southern Siberia migrated to the

Blade-based stone industries, which began to Yenisey basin during the period defined as the

appear in Southern Siberia and Mongolia after about "N'iapan Cooling Stage (N'iapan Stade)" according

39.000/38.000 (Heinrich-4) BP, must be connected to the traditional climatic scheme of Siberia, which

to the spread of Aurignacian stone industries in Figure 10. Pressure microblading technique Western Eurasia in a broad sense (Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). We can also define the communities living the stone industries processes, which had cultural continuity with some technological developments in the process from the beginning of this phase to the end of the Pleistocene, as "Early North Asian Peoples / Ancient North Asian Populations" or "Archaic Altaic Peoples" (Berkant, 2020, p. 13 et alBerkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). This culture group is genetically represented in aDNA studies by the "Ancient North Eurasians" genetic cluster, which consists of genomes16 dated to the Upper Paleolithic found in the Baykal region and its 1000 km Northwest of Krasnoyarsk (Raghavan

et al., 2014, p. 7). Two genomes of approximately Source: Clark, 2012.

Figure 11. Pressure microblading technique Terberger & Zhilin, 2010, pp. 158-164; Sorensen,

2012, pp. 254-256; Sorensen et al., 2013, pp. 6-13; Berkant, 2020, pp. 635-642). It is supported by both archaeological and genetic findings that communities using the pressure technique reached Scandinavia at the beginning of the Holocene (Sorensen et al., 2013, pp. 14-25Sorensen et al. (2013). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Mesolithic genomes from Eastern Europe form the "Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers" genetic cluster. The southern branch of the spread from Southern Siberia is formed by the stone industries in Central Asia using the pressure technique dated to the Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene. Archaeological research carried out in the former Soviet period until the 1980s revealed the find area, which is mostly represented by surface materials and a small number of excavated settlements (Sorensen et al., 2018, p. 1Sorensen et al. (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Recent

corresponds to the period between 18.000-16.000 archaeological research has started to reveal that

BP in the Late Upper Paleolithic. (Graf, 2008, p. the mentioned industries spread from the South

136, Table 3.19). Considering the increase in the of the Altai to Northeast Kazakhstan along the

number of settlements in other parts of Southern “Central Asian Mountain Corridor” to Northern

Siberia (Northwest Altai, Cis-Baykal, Trans- Afghanistan (Sorensen et al., 2017, p. 4Sorensen et al. (2017). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). This

Baykal), it can be said that the population clustered process is considered as between 16.000/15.000-

in Yenisey during the warming phase (Kokorevo 13.000/11.000 BP (Berkant, 2020, pp. 610-634Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

warming) following this process spread to the

environment (Berkant, 2020, pp. 486-492Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Figure 12. Pressure microblading technique

However, it can be said based on the archaeological and genetic data that the true micro-blade industries, in which the pressure technique was used, and the communities that created them began to spread towards “Western Eurasia”. The use of the pressure technique that emerged in the Urals (Pavlov, 2008, p. 42Pavlov (2008). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) after about 16.000/15.000 BP - "Final Upper Paleolithic" for the Urals - originates many cultures (Yangelka, Romanovka-Ilmursin, Kama, Butovo et al.) that emerged around the Urals and in Eastern Europe during the Pleistocene- Holocene transition (Pavlov, 2008, p. 42Pavlov (2008). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). (Hartz,

Figure 13. Pressure microblading technique

Source: Clark 2012.

Back to the beginning, the wide spread of the of the pressure-micro-blade technology, which

stone industries using the pressure technique, set out from Southern Siberia, are so intertwined

traced from Southern Siberia to Northern and 'integrated' that they pass on their genes to

Afghanistan at the end of the Pleistocene, must the Zagros. The dates of this should be early PPN

be related to the sudden emergence of pressure in the least. The same is true for the Caucasian

techniques in the Near East in the East Part of Hunter-Gatherers genetic cluster25.

the Fertile Crescent (in the Zagros). Today, we The result is: The PPN Göbeklitepe Culture in

lack evidence in the Iranian Plateau due to the Southeastern Anatolia emerged suddenly without

lack of research. On the other hand, we can fill a pre-development process. There is no other

this gap in a more interesting way with findings potential cultural system in the immediate vicinity

from aDNA studies: In the genetic cluster of that can be a triggering to this special development

genomes dated to PPN in Zagros (Ganj Dareh, (Özdoğan, 2014, p. 1511Özdoğan (2014). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). It has always come to

Wezmeh Cave, Tepe Abdul-Husein), North Asian us as an interesting, 'unexpected observation'

peoples have a calculated genetic contribution of that the Eastern Mediterranean Epi-paleolithic

20-25%. Therefore, it is obvious that the carriers cultural fenomenon have almost no influence on

the Southeastern Anatolian PPN cultures during Blacksmiths' etc., emerged from the groups that

our Near Eastern Prehistory lectures, seminars had passed through the Zagros within the scope

that we have been teaching for years. Therefore, of the North Asian Upper Paleolithic migrations to

in this case, we cannot talk about the influence of Mesopotamia and completed their development in

Eastern Mediterranean Epi-paleolithic dominant certain directions over time.

cultures on the formation and development of Consequently, we think that the rise of the

Göbeklitepe culture. However, it should be focused Göbeklitepe culture might be related to the

on that a dominant cultural influence from outside migrations of North Asian Late Upper Paleolithic

created the advanced PPN Göbeklitepe Culture by hunter-gatherers to the Near East. In this context,

mixing with local communities. Since the Eastern it is also considered that the other Near Eastern late

Mediterranean Epi-paleolithic local cultural cultures such as Sumer, Elamite, Hurri, Hyksos (?),

groups are out of picture, we must look for the Kasite, Guti, 'Luristan smiths' (Khorasani, 2009,

dominant culture candidate among the Early 185 pp) may be directly connected with these

North Asian cultural groups using the pressure migrations.

technique. Notes

It was mentioned above. We know that the 1. We may not know exactly what language the cultures mentio-

dominant culture in question influenced not only ned here speak, but general information may still require us to collect

all these ethnicities in the same cluster.

Eastern Anatolia but also different territories. It 2. The terminology was used for the first time in Türk-Altay Kura-

seems unlikely that a complex technology such as mi (Türk-Altai Theory) (Güneri, 2018, p. 915Güneri (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). It is defined as follows:

‘…The territory covering the Altai mountains, the areas between Sa-

blade, micro-blade production with the pressure yan and Altai, the Yenisei valley regions and the second-degree Ye-

technique will be transferred without a master- nisei-Lena habitats. The reader should not confuse the 'Sayan-Altay

cultural territory' with the 'Altai cultural territory'. The former gains

apprentice relationship (Sorensen et al., 2013, importance and meaning especially during and after the Okunyev

p. 26). Current research results show that this culture period. The latter covers the cultural structures in both Sa-

yan-Altai and Angara-Baikal cultural regions from the earliest sta-

route was generally vacant in the Epi-paleolithic ges…'. "South Siberia", which includes the Angara-Baikal region, may

(Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Therefore, this suggests that the be the first of the other technical expressions describing this cultural

geography, but it is not very useful in terms of evoking "Minusinsk

transfer of pressure technology from Siberia to valley" and "Middle Yenisei" at first hearing. Another appropriate

Göbeklitepe may have been carried out directly by term is 'North Asia', which is included in the name of Türk-Altay Ku-

rami (Güneri 2018Güneri (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.; Güneri 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The only problem is that it has no

North Asian hunter-gatherers. Thus, the carriers/ clear boundaries. This is because it is thought that perhaps we should

masters of pressure-micro-blade technology, not set boundaries when describing the life areas of Turkic-speaking

communities in general. It is a phrase that our Russian colleagues

which set out from North Asia, must have reached also use. According to us “North Asia is also Baikal. This area is also

Eastern Anatolia via the Zagros-Northern Iraq the center of Upper Paleolithic findings. It is here that pressure mic-

ro-blades and early forms associated with the origin of wedge-shaped

wing of the Fertile Crescent, as in the examples of cores first and most intensively appear. In this respect, it is the correct

Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Genetic research terminology. Accordingly, the terminology of early culture carriers

can be put forward as "Древние народы Северной Азии / Ancient

results also support this situation (Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Northern Asian Populations". The terminology used by B. Berkant,

Therefore, we think that the PPN Göbeklitepe the owner of one of the latest studies on the subject, is "Archaic Altaic

Peoples". “Human communities living in Southern Siberia in the Up-

Culture is related to the migration of North per Paleolithic Age, which created the material culture starting with

Asian Late Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to the Early Upper Paleolithic Age in Southern Siberia and is genetically

represented by the Ancient Northern Eurasians genetic cluster” (Ber-

the Near East. In this context, we think that the kant 2015: 13). It is one of the appropriate idioms. The time period

cultures of other dominant cultures with Near in which the 'original material culture' and/or 'archaeological style' is

about to form in North Asia is the Late Upper Paleolithic-Neolithic

Eastern agglutinative languages, such as Sumer, period. At this stage, we clearly follow the development of cultural

material traditions through ceramic production. The correct place is Elam, Hurri, Hiksos, Kassit, Guti, 'Luristan

the Amur-Lena-Yenisei line in the East-West direction: Baikal region. interpretation in the general landscape (Broushaki et al., 2016, p. 44,

Later, it is possible to observe how the Neolithic-Eneolithic cultural Supp.); For the examination of the Hotu Cave sample at the eastern

continuities flowed from the Baikal region ('Angara basin') to the Sa- end of the Southeast Caspian-Elbrus Mountains and the Ganges Da-

yan-Altays ('Minusinsk basin') only in this region and in this time reh / Zagros samples (6 samples) and interpretation of their location

period (Güneri, 2022Güneri (2022). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). in the current landscape, see (Lazaridis et al., 2016, pp. 69-70, Supp.Lazaridis et al. (2016). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.);

3. Baradostian culture (BP 36.000-18.000) (Olszeweski, 2012Olszeweski (2012). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). For the interpretation of the previously studied Iranian and Cauca-

4. At the end of the Epi-palaeolithic, the Zagros are represented sian samples, and the two newly studied samples from the Caucasi-

by the settlements of Zarzi and Warwasi. According to the palyno- a-Dzudzuana cave, within the framework of the table that emerged

logy and micro-faunal analyzes on the samples obtained from the during their research and calculations, see (Lazaridis et al., 2018, p. 7;

find centers, it was stated that the Zagros region had a harsher cli- 54, Supp., Table S4.3).

mate during this period. This situation did not change until 14.000

BC. Warwasi and Zarzi settlements were used before this change References

and the Palegavra and Şanidar (B2) caves were used at the end of the Zarzi phase after the climate got fit. Many settlements belonging to

the Zarzi culture, especially Warwasi rock shelter, Palegavra cave and Aghalari, B. (2017). Arkeolojik Verilerin Işığında Epi-Paleoli

tikten Tunç Çağı Sonuna Kadar Anadolu-İran İlişkileri (Ha

Pa-Sangar rock shelter, are temporary camps. Settlements such as Şa- cettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).

nidar cave and Mar-Gurgalan are considered as long-use base camps Altınbilek-Algül, C., L. Astruc, D. Binder, j. Pelegrin (2012). Pres

(Aghalari, 2017, p. 63 et al.Aghalari (2017). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). sure Blade Production with a Lever in the Early and Late Ne

olithic of the Near East, Ed. Pierre M. Desrosiers, The Emer

5. There are also some developmental similarities between the gence of Pressure Blade Making, From Origin to Modern Ex

micro-blades between the Zagros and the Levant. (Olszewski, 2012Olszewski (2012). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). perimentation, Springer, Boston, 157-179.

6. Pa Sangar, Karim Shahir, Asiab, Ali Kosh, Choga Golan, Choga Bae, C.J. & Bae, K. (2012). The Nature of the Early to Late Pa

Sefid, East Chia Sabz, Ganj Dareh, Tang-i Bolaghi, Rahmatabad et al. leolithic Transition in Korea: Current Perspectives. Quater

nary International, 281, 26-35.

7. Nemrik-9, Qermez Dere, Tell Magzaliyah, Jarmo, Tell Shim- Berkant, E.B. (2015). Genetik Araştırmalar Işığında Modern İn

shara et al. sanın Dünyaya Yayılışı ve Üst Paleolitik Çağda Sibirya’dan

8. Tell Seker al-Aheimar, Khashkashok-2, Bouqras, Tell Sabi Ab- Göçler, Ed. A.S. Güneri, Yaşar Coşkun’a Saygı Yazıları, 91-

115.

yad-2, Damishliyyah et al. Berkant, E. B. (2020). Genetik ve arkeolojik araştırmalar ışığında

9. Çayönü Early PPNB; Caferhöyük, Boncuklu Field, Akarçay Üst Paleolitik Çağ'da Arkaik Altay halklarının Doğu Sibir

Hill, Mezraa Teleilat, Hayaz Höyük, Gritille et al. ya'dan göçleri [Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Ens

titüsü].

10. Çatalhöyük, Yümüktepe, Hacılar, Kuruçay, Höyücek, Çukuri- Binder, D. (2007). PPN Pressure Technology: Views from Anato

çi, Ulucak, Yeşilova, Ege Gübre, Aktopraklık, Barçın, Ilıpınar, Mente- lia, Ed. L. Astruc, D. Binder, F. Briois, Technical Systems and

şe, Fikirtepe, Pendik, Ağaçlı, Gümüşdere, Domalı et al. PPN Communities in the Near East, 235-243.

11. Alaska, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Central Asia, Near East. Binder, D., C. Collina, R. Guilbert, T. Perrin, O. Garcia-Puchol

(2012). Pressure-Knapping Blade Production in the Nort

12. B. Berkant examined this hypothesis in detail in his Phd thesis h-Western Mediterranean Region During the Seventh Millen

(Berkant, 2020Berkant (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). nium cal BC, Ed. Pierre M. Desrosiers, The Emergence of

13. BP approx. 28.000/27,-26.000, Youfang-Xishahe-Longwang- Pressure Blade Making, From Origin to Modern Experimen

tation, Springer, Boston, 199-217.

chan-Shizitan-29 etc.; (Nian et al., 2014, p. 5-8; Zhang et al., 2011, Broushaki, F., Thomas, M., Link, V., Yoan, D., Cassidy, L., Dorp,

p. 1546; Song et al., 2017, p. 25, 33; Guan et al., 2019, p. 15; Berkant, L., Lopez, S., vd. (2016). Early Neolithic genomes from the

2020, p. 350-366). eastern Fertile Crescent. Science 353 (6298), 499-503.

14. Last Glacial Maximum BP approx. 27,300-22,900/ approx. Microblade Technology in Northeast Asia. Radiocarbon, 60

GS-3, common opinion 26,500-19.000 BP (Clark et al., 2009, p. 710- (3), 1-35.

15. These determinations (Berkant, 2020) draws our attention to matic Blades. Stoneworkers’ Approaches to Replicating Pris

matic Blades, Ed. Pierre M. Desrosiers, The Emergence of

an extremely important point. Pressure Blade Making From Origin to Modern Experimenta

16. Sample MA-1 dated to about 24.000 BP and Afontova Gora-II tion, Springer, Boston, 43-138.

samples dated to about 17.000 BP. Clark, P.U., Dyke, A.S., Shakun, J., Carlson, A.E., Clark, J., Wo

hifarth, B., Mitrovica, J., vd. (2009). The Last Glacial Maxi

18. Ikhine-2, Verkhne-Troitskaya vs./Dyuktai culture (Coutouly, Derevianko, A.P., P.V. Volkov ve S.V. Markin (2009). Evolyutsi

2018, pp. 19-20). ya hozyaystvennoy deyatel'nosti paleolitiçeskogo naseleniya

Severo-Zapadnogo Altaya v sartanskoye vremya (po materia

20. Studenoe-2, Ust’-Menza-2. vennogo universiteta. Seriya: İstoriya. Filologiya, 8 (3), 34-45.

21. Krasny Yar-1, about 23.000/22.000 years ago (Kuzmin, 2007, Erdoğdu, B. & Ö. Çevik (2020). Kıyı Batı Anadolu’nun Krono

p. 120; Keates, 2007, p. 137). lojisi ve Terminolojisinin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi / Re

consideration of Chronology and Terminology of Western

22. Nizhni Ijir-1, Listvenka about 21.000/20.000 years ago (Va- Anatolian Coast. ADerg XXV, 45-66.

sil'ev, 2001, pp. 6-8; Graf, 2008, p. 161, Table 4.5). Gatsov, I. (2016). “Epipalaeolithic/Mesolithic, Neolithic Periods

Northwest Turkey: Similarities and Differences”, TÜBA-AR,

& Olsen, 2010, p. 38-40). 4 (1), 101-112.

24. Kaminnaya Cave, Dmitrievka, about 18.000 years ago (Dere- Gatsov, I. & M. Özdoğan (1994). Some Epi-Paleolithic Sites from

vianko, Volkov & Markin, 2009, pp. 38-41; Vasil'ev, 2001, p. 6; Vasil'ev NW Turkey: Ağaçlı, Domalı and Gümüşdere. Anatolica, 20,

97-120.

et al., 2002, p. 522, Table 1). Gatsov, I., P. Nedelcheva, M. Kaczanowska, S.K. Kozłowski

25. For the examination and interpretation of 2 samples from the (2017). A bullet core specimen form NE Bulgaria. Acta Arc

Wezmeh cave in Zagroslar and 3 from Tepe Abdül Hüseyin and their haeologica Carpathica, 52, 305-311.

Gladyshev, S.A., A.V. Tabarev ve J.W. Olsen (2010). Origin and Nishiaki, Y. & H. Darabi (2018Nishiaki & Darabi (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The earliest Neolithic Lithic

Evolution of the Late Paleolithic Microindustry in Northern Industries of the Central Zagros: New evidence from East

Mongolia. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 27, 38-40. Chia Sabz, Western Iran. Archaeological Research in Asia, 16,

Graf, K.E. (2008). Uncharted territory: Late Pleistocene hun 46-57.

ter-gatherer dispersals in the Siberian Mammoth- Steppe Olszewski, D. (1994). The Late Epipaleolithic Chipped Stone “He

(PhD dissertation), University of Nevada, Reno. ritage” in Early Aceramic Neolithic Assemblages in the Nort

Guan, Y., Wang, X., Wang, F., Olsen, J.W., Pei, S., Zhou, Z., Gao, hern Fertile Crescent. Ed. H.G. Gebel, S.K. Kozlowski, Neolit

X., vd. (2019). “Microblade Remains from the Xishahe site, hic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, 83-90.

North China and their Implications for the Origin of Microb Olszewski, D. (2012). The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleo

lade Technology in Northeast Asia”, Quaternary International, lithic Middle East. Humanities 19, 3, 1-20.

1-21. Özdoğan, M. (2014). Anatolia: From The Pre-Pottery Neolithic to

Güneri, A.S. (2018). Türk-Altay Kuramı: Arkeolojik Belgeler Işı the end of the Early Bronze Age (10,500–2000 BCE). The

ğında Kuzey Asya’da Türklerin Erken Kültür Tarihi, Kaynak Cambridge world prehistory. (Ed by: C. Renfrew, P. Bahn),

Yayınları, İstanbul. Cambridge University Press, 1508-1544.

Güneri, A.S. (2022). Türk-Altay Kuramı: Arkeolojik Belgeler Işı Pavlov, P.Y. (2008). The Paleolithic of Northeastern Europe: New

Data. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia,

ğında Kuzey Asya’da Türklerin Erken Kültür Tarihi, (Güncel 33 (1), 33-45.

lenmiş 2. Baskı), Atayurt Yayınevi, Ankara. Pelegrin, J. (2012). New Experimental Observations for the Cha

Güneri, A.S., E.B. Berkant, A. Avcı, A.Z. Bayburt, A. Yalnız, R.E. racterization of Pressure Blade Production Techniques. Ed.

Çoban ve F.A. Yüksel (2018). Tonyukuk 2015: Dokuz Eylül Pierre M. Desrosiers, The Emergence of Pressure Blade Ma

Üniversitesi Adına Moğolistan’da Yapılan Arkeolojik Çalış king From Origin to Modern Experimentation, Springer, Bos

malar, (2. Baskı) Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Kafkasya & Orta ton 465-500.

Asya Arkeoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi Yayınları, İzmir. Raghavan, M., Skoglung, P., Metspalu, M., Graf, K.E., Albrecht

Hartz, S., T. Terberger ve M. Zhilin (2010). New AMS-dates for sen, A., Molkte, I., Rassmussen, S., vd. (2014). Upper Palaeo

the Upper Volga Mesolithic and the Origin of Microblade Te lithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native

chnology in Europe. Quartär 57 (155), 115-169. Americans. Nature, 505 (7481), 87-91.

Inizan, M.L. (2012). Pressure Debitage in the Old World: Fore Rybin, E.P., Khatsenovich, A.M., Pavlenok, G.D. (2016). Posledo

runners, Researchers, Geopolitics-Handing on the Baton, Ed. vatel'nost' razvitiya industriy rannego-pozdnego verhnego

Pierre M. Desrosiers, The Emergence of Pressure Blade Ma paleolita Mongolii. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo

king From Origin to Modern Experimentation, Springer, Bos universiteta Seriya: Geoarkheologiya. Etnologiya. Antropo

ton, 11-43. logiya, 16, 3-23.

Inizan, M.L. ve M. Lechevallier (1994). L’adoption du débitage Sikora, M., Khatsenovich, V.I., Pitulko, V.V., Sousa, V.C., Margar

laminaire par pression au Proche-Orient, Ed. H.G. Gebel, yan A., Yang, M.A., Arppe, L., vd. (2018). The Population His

S.K. Kozlowski, Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the tory of Northeastern Siberia Since the Pleistocene. bioRxiv,

Fertile Crescent Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the 1-39.

Fertile Crescent, 23-32.. Sato, H. ve T. Tsutsumi (2007Sato & Tsutsumi (2007). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The Japanese Microblade Indust

Inizan, M.L., M. Lechevallier ve P. Plumet (1992). A Techno ries: Technology, Raw Material Procurement, and Adaptati

logical Marker of the Penetration into North America: Pres ons. Origin and Spread of Microblade Technology in Nort

sure Microblade Debitage, its Origin in the Paleolithic of hern Asia and North America , Ed. Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Su

North Asia and its Diffusion. MRS Online Proceedings Lib san G. Keates ve Chen Shen, Origin and Spread of Microblade

rary Archive, 267, 661-681. Technology in Northern Asia and North America, 53-78.

Song, Y., Cohen, D.J., Shi, J., Wu, X., Kvavadze, E., Goldberg, P.,

Keates, S.G. (2007). Microblade Technology in Siberia and Nei Zhang, S., vd. (2017). Environmental reconstruction and da

ghbouring Regions: An Overview, Ed. Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, ting of Shizitan 29, Shanxi Province: An early microblade site

Susan G. Keates ve Chen Shen, Origin and Spread of Microb in North China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 79, 19-35.

lade Technology in Northern Asia and North America, 125- Sorensen, M. (2012). The Arrival and Development of Pressure

146. Blade Technology in Southern Scandinavia, Ed. Pierre M.

Kozlowski, S.K. (1989). Nemrik 9, a PPN Neolithic Site in Nort Desrosiers, The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making, From

hern Iraq. Paléorient, 15 (1), 25-31. Origin to Modern Experimentation, Springer, Boston, 237-

Kozlowski, S.K. (1994). Chipped Neolithic Industries at the Eas 259.

tern Wing of the Fertile Crescent (Synthesis Contribution), Sorensen, M., Rankama, T., Kankaanpaa, J., Knutsson, K., Knut

Ed. H.G. Gebel, S.K. Kozlowski, Neolithic Chipped Stone In sson H.J., Melvold, S., Eriksen, B.V., vd. (2013). The First

dustries of the Fertile Crescent, 143-172.. Eastern Migrations of People and Knowledge into Scandi

Kuzmin, Y.V. (2007). Geoarchaeological Aspects of the Origin navia: Evidence from Studies of Mesolithic Technology, 9th-

and Spread of Microblade Technology in Northern and Cent 8th millennium BC. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 46

ral Asia. Origin and Spread of Microblade Technology in (1), 19-56.

Northern Asia and North America, Ed. Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Szymczak, K. (2002). A Problem of the Bullet Shaped Cores: A

Susan G. Keates ve Chen Shen, Origin and Spread of Microb Global Perspective. Światowit: rocznik poświęcony arche

lade Technology in Northern Asia and North America, 115- ologii przeddziejowej i badaniom pierwotnej kultury polskiej

124. i słowiańskiej (Światowit: a year dedicated to prehistoric ar

Kayacan, N. (2015). Anadolu’da Neolitik Dönem’de Baskı Tekni cheology and research on primitive Polish and Slavic culture),

ği ile Taş Yongalama: Uygulama, Dağılım ve Kültürel Farklı 4 (45), 229-242.

lıklar [İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü]. Tabarev, A.V. (2012). Blades and Microblades, Percussion and

Lazaridis, I., Dani, N., Rollefson, G., Merett, D.C., Rohland, N., Pressure: Towards the Evolution of Lithic Technologies of the

Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., vd. (2016). Genomic Insights Into Stone Age Period, Russian Far East, Ed. Pierre M. Desrosiers,

the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East. Nature 536 The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making, From Origin to

Modern Experimentation, Springer, Boston, 329-346.

(7617), 419-436. Tsuneki, A., M. Zeidi ve K. Ohnuma (2007). Proto-Neolithic Ca

Lazaridis, I., Mallick, S., Cheronet, O., Rohland, N., Jakeli N., Kva ves in the Bolaghi Valley, South Iran. Iran, 45 (1), 1-22.

vadze, E., Matzkevich, vd. (2018). Paleolithic DNA from Vasil'ev, S.A. (2001). The Final Paleolithic in Northern Asia: Lit

the Caucasus Reveals Core of West Eurasian Ancestry. bi hic Assemblage Diversity and Explanatory Models. Arctic

oRxiv 423079, 1-26. Anthropology, 38 (2), 3-30.

Milic, B. ve B. Horejs (2017). The Onset of Pressure Blade Making Vasil'ev, S.A., Y.V. Kuzmin, L. A. Orlova, V.N. Dementiev (2002).

in Western Anatolia in the 7th Millennium BC: A Case Study Radiocarbon-based Chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia

from Neolithic Çukuriçi Höyük. Çukuriçi Höyük 1, 1, 27-52. and its Relevance to the Peopling of the New World. Radio

Nian, X., X. Gao ve L. Zhou (2014). Chronological studies of Shu carbon 44 (2), 503-530.

idonggou (SDG) locality 1 and their significance for archaeo Zhang, J.F., Wang, X.Q., Qiu, W.L., Shelach, G., Hu, G., Fu, X.,

logy. Quaternary International, 347, 5-11. Zhuang, M.G., vd. (2011). The paleolithic site of Longwangc

Nishiaki, Y. ve K. Nagai (2011). Obsidian Knappers at the Late han 0,4in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleo

PPNB ‘Consumer’ Settlement of Tell Seker Al-Aheimar, Nort environment and implications. Journal of Archaeological

heast Syria. Paléorient, 37 (2): 91-105. Science 38 (7), 1537-1550.