The Formula of Success and Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern Caucasus*

The Formula of Success and Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean * and Southern Caucasus

mehmet perİNÇEK Dr. Institute of Asian and African Countries, Moscow State University

Dr. Mehmet Perinçek was born on September 19, 1978 in Istanbul. He graduated from Istanbul University’s Faculty of Law. He started to work as a research assistant at the Institute of Ataturk's Principles and History of The Turkish Revolution, Istanbul University. He served as a visiting researcher at the Moscow State Institute/University (MGİMO (U)) in the period 2005-2006 and at Moscow State University’s Institute of Asian and African Countries in the period 2010-2011. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University between 2011 and 2017. For more than twenty years he has been conducting research on "Turkish-Soviet Relations" and the "Armenian Question" in the Russian-Soviet state archives and on current Turkish foreign policy. He has published several books and articles on these issues. His books and articles have appeared in Russian, English, German, Persian and Azerbaijani Turkish. Dr. Perinçek has presented several papers at international conferences and symposia in Turkey and abroad. E-mail: mperincek@hotmail.com

* Translation: Arda Tunçel

The United States has one grand strategy; all its plans, its build-ups, and allies are shaped according to this strategy. This is also true when it comes to Libya. Of course, those targeted by this strategy also need their own holistic counter strategy of defenses and alliance-building. And this is also true of Libya. It should also be remembered that the Eastern Mediterranean security is the guarantee for a decisive solution in the Syrian crisis. The United States would have the opportunity to reach the Black Sea much easier if it manages to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean. At this point, Russian national security correlates with Turkish national security. Turkey’s Blue Homeland strategy and the Turkish-Libyan maritime agreement as part of this strategy served to block the Atlantic front in the Eastern Mediterranean and strengthen the hands of regional powers. Therefore, this move has not only strengthened the hands of Russia and Turkey, but also created an opportunity for defensive fortification in the entire Eurasian front. All countries that are targeted by imperialist forces must act according to their shared interests, and not according to any historic rivalry or conflicts. Turkey and Russia must take the first steps in this direction at once. It is also important for China to pursue a more effective policy in Western Asia, to take measures to support the anti-US front and to cooperate with the countries that face the Atlantic threat to reinforce their sovereignty.

TODAY, THE CONFLICTS AND PROBLEMS the energy resources and supply lines in Central

in our region, especially the ones that Turkey is Asia, and maintain the dominance of the US dol-

involved in, are not independent of the overall lar. It is especially important for the United States

polarization in world affairs. This polarization to maintain its supremacy in these regions: the

has not changed since the time Mustafa Kemal Middle East, the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern

Atatürk portrayed Western imperialism as a Europe, the Black Sea and the Caucasus.

group of “tyrant and tyrannized nations” and In short, all of these regions are critical to the

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin differentiated between overall US strategy. The fate of this strategy is par-

“oppressing and oppressed nations”. We can ticularly contingent on prevailing over Russia and

also define this polarization in terms of a clash China, and imposing the partition of Turkey. These

between the East and West, the North and the countries have well-established traditions of state-

South, or between the Atlantic and Eurasia. hood and strong military-economic potentials,

There are a handful of nations that exploit and stand as the most serious obstacle to US plans.

Washington has come up with different the world’s resources, and on the other hand plans to clear these obstacles, and the “Greater there are nations that are exposed to this impe- Kurdistan” project is the one that it is currently rialist exploitation. Nonetheless, there are also putting forward to counter Turkey. countries that have chosen an independent way However, let us add a side note here: the “Greatof development, as part of the oppressed world. er Kurdistan” project is not only directed against Turkey; it is also designed to partition Iran, Syria, and

The Holistic Approach of Iraq. Furthermore, since the Kurdish puppet state

Current US Strategy would act as an important base for the United States

Looking at the current situation, one could observe to reach Central Asia, this project poses a threat to all

that the goal of the United States is actually to seize of Eurasia, especially to Russia and China.

For this reason, “Greater Kurdistan” is not Who could solve the problem?

only part of US plans for the region, but also a If the United States were the source of the

strategy for its world domination. In short, it is a problem and Washington’s actions in Libya were

plan for a second Israel. eventually connected to the “Greater Kurdistan”

The same situation goes for US threats that project, who could really help to fix the situation?

Russia and China confront. As part of its intention The answer lies in regional powers being

to contain Russia and China, the USA would also targeted by US plans, as were mentioned earlier

encircle Turkey and the entire Eurasian geography. in explaining the polarization of the world into

Now we can close the parenthesis and move oppressed and oppressing nations. It is more

or less clear that Turkey and Russia share the on from where we left off to the main topic. same fate in the region. Is this also the case in the Eastern Mediterranean? Turkey is confront- The Eastern Mediterranean-Black Sea: ing the US-Israel-Greece-Greek Cyprus bloc in The Only Security Zone the Eastern Mediterranean. In fact, this bloc is

What is happening in Libya today is not inde- openly targeting Turkey through military drills

pendent from the polarization of the world into and provoking a diplomatic crisis around the

oppressed and oppressing nations, as well as issue of natural gas exploration. However, this

from the grand strategy of the United States and bloc threatens not only Turkey, but also Russia.

from the “Greater Kurdistan” project. The United States is encircling Russia, while con-

The United States has one grand strategy; taining Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean.

all its plans, its build-ups, and allies are shaped Washington is provoking the Greek Cypri-

according to this strategy. This is also true when ot government against Moscow as well by lifting

it comes to Libya. Of course, those targeted by the arms embargo against Greek Cyprus. This is

this strategy also need their own holistic counter driving Greek Cyprus to stand against Russia. It

strategy of defenses and alliance-building. And is also clear that the British air bases in the Greek

this is also true of Libya. territory are also threatening the Russian pres-

ence in the region. Was it not the US strategy that has led to In addition, the recently increasing racist civil war and crisis in Libya in the first place? attacks on Russian citizens in the Greek Cyprus Gaddafi’s government in Libya was a huge obhave also been a painful topic for Moscow. Thus, stacle for the United States, having considerable Russian state-media is not afraid to publish some importance both in terms of its high-quality oil news related to this issue.1 reserves and geopolitical position in the world. The situation is no different when it comes

This obstacle was removed by the USA as part of to energy. The aforementioned EastMed pipeline

the Arab Spring process. project is a project against the Turkish-Russian

This was what brought the country into a TurkStream and the Turkish-Azerbaijani TANAP

state of pure mayhem. Therefore, it is the United project, and to an extent, it is directed against the

States and its allies such as France who are re- supply of Central Asian gas to Europe. The Rus-

sponsible for the chaos we are witnessing today. sian media frequently emphasizes Turkish-Rus-

Naturally, one could not expect the responsible sian cooperation and Turkey being a “fellow-suf-

parties to solve this problem. ferer” on this issue.2

2 For some examples, see Danilov, 2020; Anpilogov, 2020; Репортёр, 2020.

Of particular relevance to this very context the fault line that started from Libya has stretched

is the Russian Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak’s all the way to Syria. Moscow, which by then had

offers to Turkey for cooperation on the Eastern learned from these mistakes, has now taken ac-

Mediterranean energy deposits (Abay, 2019Abay (2019). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). tion to prevent the threat before it started. Russia

has started to take a more active stance in Libya,

The United States would have while sending troops to Syria, with the requisition

the opportunity to reach the of Damascus.

Black Sea much easier if it Russia had initially remained neutral at the

manages to dominate the Eastern beginning of the Libyan conflict and supported

Mediterranean. At this point, the dialogue process. Moscow’s favorite, a third

Russian national security correlates party, the son of Gaddafi, did not stand a chance

with Turkish national security. of success. Haftar’s expansion over the 94% of

the country’s land area and perceived strength to

It should also be remembered that the East- win this civil war have played an important role

ern Mediterranean security is the guarantee for in garnering Russian support. After all, Moscow

a decisive solution in the Syrian crisis. The an- preferred to stand by the winner in order to be

ti-Turkey bloc is also a problem for Russia in Syr- able to increase its influence in the new Libya.

ia. Furthermore, the United States would have the But of course, Russia was not the only force

opportunity to reach the Black Sea much easier if behind Haftar’s side. In fact, it was on the same

it manages to dominate the Eastern Mediterrane- side as the forces it clashed with in the US grand

an. At this point, Russian national security corre- strategic plan. Moscow’s point of view sparked

lates with Turkish national security. from a similar mentality: to compensate for the

The same situation applies to the Black Sea as influence of its strategic opponents, and not leave

well. US efforts to reach the Black Sea do not only the winning side to its rivals.

play a role in the strategy of encircling Russia, but

also come into play in the plan to contain Turkey. The Turkey-Libya Agreement and the

The polarization of world politics is intensifying Blue Homeland

in this region. The agreement signed between Turkey’s involvement in the Libyan crisis has

the United States and Ukraine against the Turk- changed the balance of power. Even more im-

Stream further complicates the picture. portantly, the Memorandum of Understanding

Could the Libyan crisis be perceived outside on the Delimitation of Maritime Jurisdictions

this picture depicted above? For the time being, signed between Ankara and the Libyan Govern-

Turkey and Russia are supporting opposing sides ment of National Accord (GNA) on November

in Libya. Understanding previously mentioned 27, 2019 have put an end to important uncer-

processes could be important in planning future tainties in the conflict. This was incredibly im-

policies more adequately. portant in terms of crystallizing the two current-

ly existing fronts in Libya.

The History of Russia’s Libyan Policy Turkey’s Blue Homeland3 strategy and the

Russia had mainly adopted a passive attitude to- Turkish-Libyan maritime agreement as part of

wards the Arab Spring in the Medvedev era, and this strategy served to block the Atlantic front in

3 Blue Homeland is coined by Cem Gürdeniz, retired Turkish admiral. It is a roadmap aimed to protect rights and interests of

Turkey in the seas surrounding Anatolia as well as seas and oceans beyond its periphery.

2019. The same plan for a Turkish-Russian conflict in Syria, which had earlier fallen apart with the Sochi Agreement, was being extended to Libya. However, the plans have failed once again. The disadvantageous situation of supporting two opposing sides was turned into an advantage. On January 8, 2020, Erdogan and Putin met in Istanbul and reconciled. A ceasefire was to be ensured by Ankara using its influence on the GNA and by Moscow on Haftar’s side. However, the process did not proceed quite

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan meets with as Moscow expected. During the ceasefire nego-

Libya's UN-recognized Government of National Accord

(GNA) Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj. (Mustafa Kaya/ tiations mediated by Turkey and Russia in Mos-

Xinhua, 2020) cow this January, Sarraj’s government immedi-

ately signed the agreement, while Haftar had left

the Eastern Mediterranean and strengthen the the country without signing the agreement. This

hands of regional powers. Therefore, this move shows that Haftar is not only under Russia’s influ-

has not only strengthened the hands of Russia ence. As a matter of fact, this was a large disap-

and Turkey, but also created an opportunity for pointment for Moscow.

defensive fortification in the entire Eurasian front. Following this incident, intelligence pro-

Now, everything has started to settle in its vided in mid-February revealed that the Russian

place in Libya. The turmoil in this North African private security company Wagner has withdrawn

its mercenary forces from Libya before their concountry was not unrelated to the overall polari-

zation of world politics. For some time, the glob- tracts expired.

al powers had been analyzing the formation of US and French Support for Haftar fronts in Libya and trying to coopt them in order

to increase their influence. The Atlantic front was not to tolerate the agreement

signed between the Sarraj government and Turkey. It later turned out that Haftar forces were The same plan for a Turkishpreparing for an attack on Tripoli with troops Russian conflict in Syria, which trained by the US military, with the US military had earlier fallen apart with the and intelligence officials working closely with Sochi Agreement, was being

extended to Libya. However, the Haftar and with the US having the total control of

plans have failed once again. The the region’s airspace; France was not far behind in

disadvantageous situation of terms of its support.4

supporting two opposing sides was While the United States gave Haftar its full

turned into an advantage. support, Haftar in turn positioned himself with

the Atlantic forces. The United States and Haftar

The situation has begun to become clearer, shared the same goal in the Eastern Mediterrane-

even though the Atlantic forces have devoted spe- an. The systematic cooperation even on the most

cial efforts at adding more uncertainties since late sensitive and confidential areas revealed its true

4 For the details of the USA-Haftar and France-Hafter cooperation, please see the following articles: Aydınlık, 2020a; Perinçek,

2020a; Perinçek, 2020b; Perinçek, 2020c.

scale, but this action from the Atlantic front in democratic values of the United States, in particu-

Libya also paved the way for new opportunities lar influencing the internal policies of the United

for cooperation and other initiatives. States and its allies, and interfering in the demo-

cratic processes of the United States.

Turkey’s intervention could be seen The Russian businessman penned an open

as a game changer, in result of letter dated June 21, 2020 addressed to the US

which Russia has started to pursue Congress against this decision and the accusations.

a new course, both pragmatically The letter mentioned Fethullah Gulen as follows:

and geo-strategically. “In order to destroy the national values of

other countries, including their customs and cul-

Faced with this situation, Russia has now to ture, the United States regularly interferes in po-

revise its position on the Libyan crisis. Haftar’s litical processes and elections around the world.

stance against the Turkey-Libya agreement played (…) The USA is a haven for the money of thou-

an important role in the determination of his al- sands of criminals, thieves and scammers from

lies, consolidating his positioning within the At- many countries. The United States creates ter-

lantic camp. Surely this showed that Moscow’s rorist groups, harbors their leaders and ensures

influence has been undermined, while the United safety for their families. The USA grows and gives

States has strengthened its hand. shelter to traitors and dissidents from all over the

Turkey’s intervention has been successful in world, such as Fethullah Gulen, Chen Guang-

pushing back the Haftar forces. This could be seen cheng, Reza Pahlavi and many others"

as a game changer, in result of which Russia has The fact that Prigojin, known for his close

started to pursue a new course, both pragmatical- ties to Putin and not appearing in the media, pub-

ly and geo-strategically. lished a public letter and made such a reference to

Haftar's side is no longer hiding the prob- Fethullah Gulen.Aalbeit not directly related to the

lems with Wagner. Their dissatisfaction with each contents of the letter at a time of crisis in Libya, this

other has also begun to be reflected in the press.5 raised the question of whether Moscow has a mes-

As a result, on May 20, 2020, Wagner has decided sage for Ankara (Aydnlık, 2020bAydnlık (2020b). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

to evacuate their remaining troops. It was also reported in the press that Wag-

ner's leadership has undergone a change in August

FETO Message from Wagner to Turkey 2020. Experts attributed the management change

An interesting development took place during this in Wagner to the new regulation to be made con-

period. Yevgeniy Prigojin, known as the owner of cerning the business format of the organization,

the Russian private security company Wagner, also whose existence is not legally accepted. It was stat-

referred to FETO in his open letter to the US Sen- ed that Dmitriy Utkin, who previously managed

ate and reacted to Washington hiding Fethullah the company and was responsible for its activities

Gülen in the country. The US Congress House of in Ukraine and Syria, will leave due to the change

Representatives on June 11 (2020) and the US Sen- in the company's working methods. This change

ate on June 16 (2020) took two decisions regarding is defined as follows: Now, instead of directly par-

Prigojin, who is also known as Putin's cook. ticipating in military operations, the company will

In both these resolutions, Yevgeniy Prigojin develop military-political preparedness and coop-

was accused of attacking the national interests and eration strategies. It is reported that Wagner will

5 See Assad, 2020.

only provide consultancy and training support in out that the main obstacle to the development of

African countries, including Libya (Oda tv, 2020Oda tv (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). cooperation based on mutual interest was the two

Russian citizens detained in Tripoli (The Minis-

Two Arrested Russian Citizens try of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,

There are two Russian citizens detained in Trip- 2020). It meant that a new era would begin in the

oli that have been at the center of a great deal relations between the two governments if the two

of controversy between the parties involved. Russian citizens were released.

On May 16, 2019, two employees of the Russian Signals of cooperation between the two gov-

Foundation for the Protection of National Val- ernments also came from Libya. Deputy Prime

ues (RFPN), sociologist Maxim Shugaley and Minister Ahmed Maiteeq stated that his govern-

translator Samer Hasan Ali Sueyfan (Russian ment believes Russia to be a very important part-

and Jordanian citizen), were charged with inter- ner in the establishment of stability in Libya, as

vening in the presidential elections. They were was reported by RIA news agency. In Libyan of-

arrested and jailed at the Mitiga Prison. ficial’s view, Russian diplomacy played an impor-

tant role in sharply reducing the military tensions

The Russian side suggested that (RIA Novosti, 2020RIA Novosti (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

this situation could initiate a Maiteeq continued to express such senti-

cooperation process with the GNA, ments after he returned to his country. Maiteeq

if its citizens were released. identified Turkey as a ‘strategic ally’ and stated

that ‘Russia can be an effective ally’ during an in- Russia has attempted to secure their reterview in February (Yıldız, 2020Yıldız (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). lease at the highest level. Turkey was also asked

to help resolve the situation, but no results have Later, the Libyan side also gave a written

been obtained yet. guarantee to the Russian Foreign Ministry that

The Russian side suggested that this situa- the detained Russians would be released.

tion could initiate a cooperation process with the GNA, if its citizens were released. The first steps The Ankara-Moscow Diplomacy Lines

of this change in Russia’s strategic plan were based Diplomacy between the two countries also began

on this issue. to pick up. Telephone conversations took place

The developments within the last week have between Çavuşoğlu and Lavrov on June 8, and

been significant and indicate a serious turning between Erdoğan and Putin on June 10. Indeed,

point for the region. Libya was the focal point.

On June 3, the Deputy Prime Minister of Lib- Turkish Minister of Defense Hulusi Akar

ya’s Government of National Accord Ahmed Mait- explained that Russia has rejected some informa-

eeq and GNA Foreign Minister Mohammed Taher tion and allegations about its military presence in

Siala visited Moscow. During the visit, a series of the region and that Turkey’s problems in Libya

talks took place with Russia’s Foreign Minister need to be solved by negotiating with Russia in

Sergey Lavrov, Ministry of Defense and officials of a way similar to the way they were discussed in

security units. The GNA delegation was accepted Syria. This is a potential answer to allegations of

for the first time in Moscow at such a high level. Russian mercenaries and warplanes being sent to

In the official statement declared after the Libya, which he was asked about during a televi-

meeting, the Russian Foreign Ministry pointed sion program on June 10, 2020.

The US Pushes the “Puppet State” Button The Atlantic front took on a new action in parallel with its own holistic strategy, while the Turkish-Russian relations on Libya continued with its own ups and downs, despite shared objective interests. The United States, while suffering great losses in Syria with the Sochi Agreement and its “Greater Kurdistan” project, has responded by pushing the button to form a new puppet state, pushing for the project with increased eagerness over the

Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar meets with his last few months. Deployments to Northeastern

Russian counterpart Sergei Shoigu. (The Republic of

Turkey Directorate of Communications, 2019) Syria have increased and a number of secret talks

with the PKK/PYD were held. The United States

Akar's attitude towards Russian mercenaries has launched a new set of processes –militarily,

and aircraft was especially important. Based on administratively and economically– in an effort

the statement of the Russian side, he pointed to a to carve up this “corridor”. The military phase of

process similar to Astana. the plan will provide security for the PKK/PYD,

On top of that, it was announced that Rus- whereas the administrative phase will establish-

sian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and De- ing the governmental and institutional power of

fense Minister Sergey Shoigu would fly to Istan- this puppet state. The economic phase will in-

bul. However, this visit was postponed at the last clude oil revenues, which serve as the lifeblood of minute. Statements from both sides after the visit this American corridor.6 clearly showed that there have been no disruption In June, a union among Syria’s separatist forcin relations. According to statements from both es was concluded, in the aftermath of the process, sides, a joint negotiation process has commenced. with the “sponsorship of the United States” in their Naturally, the GNA and Turkey did not own words.7 On top of that, an oil deal was signed want to stop after their military successes in the

field. Taking advantage of these successes while between the US-PKK/PYD forces.

sitting at the negotiation table was the most log- The Atlantic Front's Fear of ical course of action, after all. It was not possible Astana in Libya for Ankara and Tripoli to comply with the Cairo

Declaration, and Russia knew that as well. The United States has taken action on Libya in

As a result, a joint declaration was signed line with its plans in Syria. In order for its plan in

between the Turkish and Russian delegations af- Syria to work, the US also has to dominate Libya

ter the talks in Ankara. The decision was made to as well. US Africa Command (AFRICOM) has

continue talks in Moscow. started to show signs of returning to Libya, after it

6 See Rudaw, 2020.

had withdrawn in 2019. Currently, the American cerned about also the so-called partitioning of

petroleum companies do not seem to hold almost Libya between Turkey and Russia, and has vigor-

anything in Libya. Exxon Mobil had withdrawn ously insisted Turkey and Russia be stopped (La

from the country in 2014: they had not wanted to Règle du jeu, 2020).

remain in the Libyan market. The possibility of another Astana process

As a result, in their recent statements, Wash- for Libya has led to serious concerns within the

ington and Paris have shown that they are deeply Atlantic camp. In fact, this attitude of the West

disturbed by the involvement of Turkey and Russia should also be a lesson for Ankara and Moscow.

in the Libyan conflict. Both countries have become targets along a line

Former US Ambassador to Ankara Eric Edel- that stretches from Syria to Libya. There is noth-

man and the former Deputy Commander for the ing more natural than these two countries sharing

US European Command Charles Walt made it clear common interests.

that the United States should act against Turkey and These common interests are also noticed

Russia in Libya. According to them, Ankara and by Christopher Nixon Cox, the grandson of for-

Moscow’s influence in Libya must come to an end mer US President Nixon and the director of the

(Edelman & Wald 2020a; 2020b). Richard Nixon Foundation. According to Nixon’s

Josep Borrell, the EU High Representative for grandson, Erdogan and Putin’s interests overlap

Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, rephrased the in Libya. They both want to drive the French out

same ideas in the beginning of this year by saying of Libya and weaken the UAE’s influence there

that “Turkey and Russia have changed the balances (Zalfaoui, 2020Zalfaoui (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

in the Eastern Mediterranean by imposing a mili- Atlantic Council experts also worry that

tary solution in Syria. We cannot accept the same Turkey and Russia may find a common ground

situation happening in Libya.” According to Bor- in Libya, both politically and militarily. They even

rell, no one would be happy with the Russian and predict that Syria could be involved in this hypo-

Turkish military bases along the Libyan coastline. thetical agreement (Lorient Le Jour, 2020Lorient Le Jour (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

A new Astana process must not be allowed in Lib- Under these circumstances, it is obligatory

ya (Sputnik, 2020Sputnik (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). for the United States to return to Libya and im-

plement its plans in Syria in order to prevent any

The possibility of another Astana possibility of cooperation between Ankara and

process for Libya has led to serious Moscow and for France to return to the old days

concerns within the Atlantic camp. of colonialism in North Africa by pitting these

In fact, this attitude of the West two countries against each other. When their

should also be a lesson for Ankara strategy fails, they simply begin afresh.

and Moscow. Both countries have The recent reciprocal provocations are part become targets along a line that

stretches from Syria to Libya. of this general situation. First, a rumor is spread

that the Al-Watiya base was hit by the Russians,

Bernard-Henri Lévy, one of the ideologues then the GNA and Turkey are reported to have hit

of Atlanticism in France, is also known to be con- the Russians back. However, all signs suggest that

the UAE was responsible for the strike on al-Wa- one of the leading figures in French foreign pol-

tiya, while the GNA officially denied that the Rus- icy, He is also among the architects of the French

sians had been hit in retaliation. policy of support for Haftar and does not recom-

mend Fathi Bashagha instead of Sarraj without

Winning Over Russia reason (Opinion Internationale, 2020Opinion Internationale (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.).

Turkish and Russian authorities need to learn from all these incidents. The rivalries and clashes must be put aside, and common ground must be established as part of a holistic strategy aimed at advancing both countries’ mutual interests, as has been the case in Syria. For Turkey and the GNA, it is obligatory to eliminate and even drag the opposing forces onto their sides, for a final victory. Most importantly, Ankara and Tripoli have the opportunity to turn this process in their favor with the right strategies. Russia can act as a neutral power at first, and can later even be dragged to support the Sarraj Fighters of the GNA in Tripoli. (Hamza Turkia/ Xinhua, 2020Hamza Turkia/ Xinhua (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) government with the right policies. This would change the balance in Libya completely in favor

of Tripoli; it would reduce the burdens of the war It should be noted that the Atlantic front has

in each and every sense. not completely ended its support for the GNA.

The basis for this cooperation is not just that The fact that it is the officially UN-recognized

Haftar is now supported by the United States and government and that Haftar has been on the

losing the war: Moscow has also begun to grasp losing side, along with its old ties to the Muslim the anti-Atlantic ideals of the Blue Homeland Brotherhood, prevents Washington and its allies strategy. This played an important role in Putin

finding common ground with Erdogan in Libya from entirely abandoning the GNA. Thus, from

on January 8, 2020. the Atlantic point of view, it is necessary to weak-

However, radical elements fighting beside en Tripoli’s relations with Turkey and take con-

Sarraj are another concern for Russia. The Sarraj trol over the region. Sarraj, who is perceived as a

government is known for not having a unified guarantor for relations with Turkey, serves as an

structure. It is also necessary to pay attention to obstacle in this plan, and Bashagha, who is known

possible provocations from various autonomous for his pro-American statements is sometimes

forces and radical elements. This will be impor- considered as an alternative.

tant to eliminate the non-cooperative propaganda It would be important for Turkey to adopt within the Russian media. a holistic strategy that pays attention to this side On the other hand, Sarraj can also be tar-

geted by the Atlanticist forces within his own of the issue as well. The United States will bet on

front for signing the Turkish-Libyan maritime both sides in Libya. The GNA should not be al-

agreement. There are some signs suggesting this. lowed to be part of US plans to ultimately estab-

Michel Scarbonchi is a Middle East expert and lish a “Greater Kurdistan”.

This would also tear Turkey apart from its nat- be instrumental in preventing the exploitation

ural allies and lead to its isolation in other zones of energy reserves and the opening up of a new

of conflicts due to tensions with the United States. “corridor” in Syria. Washington’s strategy in Syria

Believing that Turkey can act together with is not independent of its strategies in the Eastern

the United States in Libya while fighting against Mediterranean, the Black Sea, Caucasus, Central

them in Syria is a misleading concept that could Asia, etc. Therefore, Ankara should formulate a

disrupt the Turkish fight against the puppet state. grand strategy to put an end to Atlantic plans in

Syria, Libya, and the Black Sea, and it should es-

The First Step of the tablish new alliances accordingly.

‘Astana Model’ in Libya Cooperation not only with Russia, but also

In the meantime, the steps to be taken regarding with Syria and Egypt should be among Turkey’s

the Russian citizens detained in the GNA region – priorities in this context. The American threat

as was mentioned p[previously– can also acceler- can only be eliminated by such a holistic strategy.

ate the cooperation process between Turkey and Damascus and Cairo also need to grasp this holis-

Russia. This is not just about the release of two tic strategy. While fighting the United States and

Russian citizens: it will be of strategic importance France in their home country, standing by Turkey’s

for the establishment of the Astana model in the side in Libya is also an important for Damascus.

Eastern Mediterranean and Libya. All countries that are targeted by imperialist

In return, Turkey and the GNA will also be forces must act according to their shared interests,

in a position to make a demand from Moscow and not according to any historic rivalry or con-

regarding Libya. This kind of mutual gesture can flicts. Turkey and Russia must take the first steps

help to alleviate conflicts. in this direction at once.

The United States and France have already placed Ankara and Moscow on the same front,

Washington’s strategy in Syria is whether they like it or not.

not independent of its strategies Therefore, to keep pushing the Blue Home-

in the Eastern Mediterranean, the land strategy and to improve alliances in the re-

Black Sea, Caucasus, Central Asia, gion, starting with Russia, is key to a victory in the

etc. Therefore, Ankara should Eastern Mediterranean and Libya.

formulate a grand strategy to put

an end to Atlantic plans in Syria, The Azerbaijan-Armenia Border

Libya, and the Black Sea, and it Conflicts and Karabakh Conflict

should establish new alliances The just solution of the Karabakh problem in the accordingly. South Caucasus and the establishment of stability and peace in the region pass through a holis-

Creating a holistic strategy and a chain of al- tic strategy as in the Eastern Mediterranean. The

liances against Atlantic plans to prevent the US, recent aggressive attitude of Armenia towards

France and their allies from attempting to kick Azerbaijan and the border conflicts that followed

Turkey out from the Eastern Mediterranean will show this clearly once again. The occupation of

Nagorno-Karabakh and 7 regions gives Yerevan solid basis for the Astana process to take action in

the courage to resort to all sorts of arrangements. the Nagorno-Karabakh Problem and other issues

Is there any chance for the Minsk Group, in the South Caucasus.

which holds the responsibility to solve this prob- The largest US embassy in Eastern Europe

lem, to accomplish this seemingly impossible is located in Armenia. As a result of this, a se-

task? Previous years have made it clear that the rious network of American agents and their in-

Minsk process will not yield any results. There fluences have taken over the country. They have

was no doubt about this among those who have also gained serious ground within the state and

observed the process closely. Therefore, ensuring various NGOs (Aydinlik, 2018Aydinlik (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The activities

the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and sustain- of Soros Foundations are also substantial. In his

ing peace and stability in the South Caucasus can statement recently, Ilham Aliyev stated that the

no longer be left to the Minsk Group. Sorosists took over the legislative-executive-judi- This of course means that some other mechaciary arms of the Armenian state, and stated that nism will be required to facilitate this process. The the Pashinyan government has followed Soros' success of Syria in the Astana process is an examinstructions (Aydınlık, 2020cAydınlık (2020c). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). ple especially of a solution for the conflicts in the This network has played an important role region, and the Karabakh Problem. Turkey, Russia, in bringing Nikol Pashinyan to power. Pashinyan and Iran are much more concerned with the Karashowed his loyalty to the forces that brought him bakh Problem than Western countries in terms of to power. His political alliance advocated Armegeography, geopolitics, and history. Regional probnia’s resignation from the customs union and millems can be solved much more comfortably and itary alliance with Russia (United World, 2020United World (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). justly when western states are held back and the Everyone has now begun to accept that Armenia’s countries of the region take the leadership. “axis” has shifted. In parallel with this, there has been a recent process in which supporters of greater cooperation with Russia (such as Robert Kocharyan) were arrested and deposed. This “purge” was also reflected in the business world. Russia has clearly expressed its discomfort in this regard. Yerevan adopted actions that glorify and honor Nazi collaborators in World War II in a way similar to certain former Soviet republics such as Ukraine and the Baltic states. A statue of the Dashnak leader Garegin Nzhdeh, who open- Iran, Russia and Turkey praise contribution of Astana ly worked for fascist Germany, was erected in the

talks to Syrian settlement. (CGTN, 2018CGTN (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) center of the capital, and many high-ranking state

officials attended the opening.

It would be more useful to talk about the an- Such actions are among the most typical signs

swer to the question of whether or not there is a of standing against Russia and entering the Atlantic

front. For this reason, this may be seen not just as a Western camp on one hand, it will have the sup-

simple historical attribution, but also as a strategic port of Russia and the CSTO countries against

choice, since such activities symbolize “liberation Azerbaijan, on the other.

from Russian hegemony” and consolidates an- The economic problems and the political

ti-Russian position in the public opinion. tensions inside the country will also be covered up

It is possible to see similar actions when eval- this way. The government’s complete failure with

uating the incidents that took place between 1915- the fight against the Coronavirus has remained as

23. Soviet Russia has also been alleged to be among an important topic of the country’s public agenda,

the co-partners and cooperators of the so-called but this has been overshadowed by the conflict.

“Armenian Genocide” in many pro-West groups

in Armenia, many of which are led by figures This conflict, which was provoked

such as Pashinyan. According to these groups, the by Armenia, will also encourage the

pro-Turkey Bolshevik Moscow partitioned the ter- Turkish Army, which had implicitly gone against the Atlantic bloc in ritory of Armenia with Ankara, and played a large Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean,

role in the “genocide” by cooperating. and Libya, to open up a new front

and thin out the Turkish military

Yerevan’s Tovuz Plans power.

Armenia naturally became more isolated in the This conflict, which was provoked by Arme-

region while standing by the Atlantic front and nia, will also encourage the Turkish Army, which

shifting away from Russia. It would be impossi- had implicitly gone against the Atlantic bloc in Syr-

ble for Yerevan to be not disturbed in this isola- ia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Libya, to open

tion, alongside the economic and political crises up a new front and thin out the Turkish military

throughout the country. power. It is clear that Azerbaijan is not the only tar-

The setup of Yerevan in the Tovuz region, get, and that Armenia is not the only perpetrator.

which is located on the border with Azerbaijan, Moreover, this maneuver is not just an action

could also have a meaning in this respect. The to provoke Moscow against Azerbaijan. This will

attack did not come from the occupied territory, also pave the way for the Turkish-Russian con-

but from a natural border with Azerbaijan. flict, which has been the most crucial mission of

Let us just quickly remind our readers here the West in the region throughout history.

that Armenia is a member of the Collective Secu- These conflicts can cause Baku to look weak,

rity Treaty Organization (CSTO), which consists and get embroiled in turmoil, and the orange

of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and movements in Azerbaijan, which the West has

Kyrgyzstan. Any conflict in the occupation zone failed to strengthen previously, could put the Ali-

will not be counted as the joint defense of the yev government in a tough spot.

CSTO, but an external attack on its core territory

will garner the Organization’s full support. Moscow’s Harsh Reactions to Yerevan

This is one of the plans of the now isolat- In fact, Armenia’s provocative plans were doomed

ed Yerevan. While strengthening its place in the to failure from the outset. First of all, Armenia

was not the defensive force in this conflict, but Within that period, Russian television broadcasts

the aggressor. The current Turkish-Russian and would be stopped on grounds of being harmful to

Azerbaijani-Russian relations in place have made the national interests of the country.

it impossible for Moscow to target Baku and Ankara. And other members of the CSTO would Disturbances That Can Be Created Within China not take an aggressive action against Turkey and

Azerbaijan, either. Another point to note is that the Baku-Tbili-

Armenia has also come up with the lies that si-Ceyhan pipeline and the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars

some Ukrainian mercenaries and jihadists from railway pass near the Tovuz region. Armenia’s ag-

Syria are fighting on the Azerbaijani side just to gressive stances not only pose a danger for Turkey

provoke Russia, but these unsubstantiated allega- and Azerbaijan, but also to the security of energy

tions could not find any support. and transportation in the region, especially with

the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway being a part of the In addition to all of this, Yerevan has faced “Belt and Road” proposed by China. The initiative some unexpected reactions. Even Margarita Siand the agreement of cooperation on this railway monian, an Armenian-Russian who is in charge between Ankara-Moscow-Baku began in 2019, of Russia Today and Sputnik media groups and strengthening the potential for an alliance. does not favor Turkey, has responded harshly to Meanwhile, let us just note that Armenia has Yerevan asking for help. According to Simonirecently joined the International Religious Freean, the Armenian government has acted aggresdom Alliance, which was founded in 2020 under sively against Russia repeatedly and has basically the provision of the United States and has drawn slapped Russia in the face (MK, 2020MK (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). attention for its anti-Chinese activities. Russian public opinion has been increasing- These facts show that the developments in ly subjected to arguments favoring the view that it Western Asia are not far from China. For this is Armenia who needs a military base in Gyumri, reason, it is also important for China to pursue and not Russia (Khramchikhin, 2018Khramchikhin (2018). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). The US a more effective policy in Western Asia, to take military biological laboratories in Armenia have measures to support the anti-US front and to co-

resulted in a serious sense of threat in Russia (Be- operate with the countries that face the Atlantic

lozerov, 2020). threat to reinforce their sovereignty.

The beginning of the border clashes, being

three days after the discharge of Pashinyan’s son The Period of Keeping the Status

from military service, were also criticized in the Quo is Now Over

Russian media (Lenta.Ru, 2020Lenta.Ru (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.). Therefore, Russia is deeply concerned by the

A plan “B” is also ready for Yerevan. This pro-Western policies of the Pashinyan govern-

time, Yerevan will be able to provoke its own peo- ment. This situation offers great opportunities in

ple against Russia by saying, “we have been left favor of Turkey and Azerbaijan in redistributing

alone” as a pretext of playing a clear role in West- the balances of power, and reshaping the allianc-

ern plans in the region. The aim is to discredit es in the South Caucasus. It is possible to see the

Russia in the presence of the Armenian people. signs for it from the Kremlin.

Moscow has favored the protection of the in front of the former Armenian Prime Minister

status quo as it did before in the Karabakh Con- Serzh Sargsyan. In the end, both parties agreed

flict. The concern that a conflict reaching beyond upon the Plan.

its relations with Yerevan could lead to a Western However, after the overthrow of Sargsyan with

intervention in the region has played an impor- the orange revolution movements, Pashinyan came

tant role in this attitude. The possibility of West- and declared that he rejects the Lavrov Plan. As a result,

ern powers deploying in the region, with the this step toward a resolution to the Nagorno-Karab-

excuse of the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict, has akh conflict after many years was blocked.

been the decisive point in Russia’s policy of main- Subsequently, Moscow-Yerevan relations

taining the status quo. have faced another major crisis. While Putin’s However, a new process started in which promises to Aliyev remain valid, Azerbaijan’s these policies have begun to change. As we menstrict response to the provocations in Tovuz could tioned above, Armenia’s Westward axis shift was also be evaluated as a reminder of the Russian among the leading reasons behind the strengthpromises in some ways. ening of Moscow-Baku relations in political and All these cases indicate that a new mechaeconomic areas. On such solid ground, relations nism with greater possibilities must be initiated. with Baku have been getting more important for

Moscow than relations with Yerevan. This being Indeed, the strengthening of military relations

said, Russia still has certain commitments towards between Turkey and Azerbaijan, such as conduct-

Yerevan within the framework of the CSTO. ing military exercises and developing the recent

cooperation in the field of defense industries, is

The Lavrov Plan is in Effect important. It is worthwhile to mention here that

Turkish UAVs were put on the screen and that In addition, the Azerbaijani Army has accumulat-

ed considerable power over the last 10 years, and measures for retaliation were discussed at a recent

has moved to a more advantageous position com- meeting of the Armenian Ministry of Defense.

pared to the Armenian Army (this advantage has The efforts of the Ankara-Moscow-Tehran tri-

proven itself the April War in 2016). Five years angle (also known as the Astana process) acting on

ago, relying on this advantageous situation, Azer- the Karabakh issue are vital to bear positive results.

baijani President Ilham Aliyev told the Russian President Vladimir Putin that the Karabakh Conflict must be resolved, even by force if necessary. Then, Putin promised his Azerbaijani counterpart that the issue would be resolved peacefully. Russia began to work on a new plan, following Putin’s promise. According to this plan, which would later be referred to as the Lavrov Plan, it was provisioned that the immediate evacuation of An image from the meeting of the Armenian Ministry

five occupied ‘rayon’s would take place first, and of Defense. The Turkish UAV Bayraktar TB2, is seen

on the screen. (Ruchron, 2020Ruchron (2020). The source article does not provide a separate full bibliographic entry for this citation.) then be returned to Azerbaijan. This plan was put

In history, this mechanism has put an end to resolutions and the full justification of the inter-

the “Armenian Issue”. The Dashnak government, national law. It is important to avoid actions such

a pro-British collaborative government whom as claiming territory on Iran even before the lib-

Mustafa Kemal called the “Caucasus Barrier” eration of Karabakh or attempts such as recogniz-

during the War of Independence, was destroyed ing the “Yerevan government in exile”. The libera-

by the Turkish-Soviet military cooperation, and tion of the occupied lands should be the primary

peace and stability were provided in the South focus. All of Turkey’s attention, energy and power

Caucasus. The imperialist-backed occupied terri- should be directed at this.

tories were also liberated. Any speeches that might lead to the loss of

The Holistic strategy of the Ankara govern- Turkey’s potential allies, and any attempts that

ment has not only paved the way for the liberation could discredit Turkey in the international com-

of the South Caucasus, but also saved Izmir. The munity will also disrupt the Nagorno-Karabakh

same thing is needed today. The Astana mechanism, cause and should therefore be avoided. which would be in effect for the South Caucasus,

will also be key to overcoming important problems The Key to Peace in the South

such as Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and Libya. Caucasus and West Asia

From the point of view of Russia, Turkey and Competition in Natural

Gas Projects is not Essential Azerbaijan have started to take their place with-

in Eurasia thanks to their military, economic and It is necessary to say that although there seems to strategic power on one hand, while Armenia, be a competition between TurkStream and TANwhich has significantly weakened, has fallen un- AP –which delivers Azerbaijani gas to Europe and der the influence of the West on the other. It is Russian gas projects with the same goals– such clear who Russia’s ideal partners are to be. projects do not essentially affect the gas providing

parties. Europe’s gas demands are large enough Certainly, a Turkish-Azerbaijani union and

to meet the supply of both projects. In addition, Turkish-Russian-Iranian cooperation will dis-

TurkStream was designed later on, and has taken rupt US plans and bring peace in the region, just

TANAP into account as well. as they did historically, as we mentioned above,

TANAP is not considered as a competitor in the South Caucasus. Indeed, the effect of such

among the Russian public. cooperation will be felt, not just in the South Cau-

In fact, the TANAP, TurkStream and Nord- casus, but also all over West Asia.

Stream projects share common interests against Patriotic Party (Turkey) Black Sea-Mediter-

the EastMed project of the Atlantic front in the ranean Friendship and Peace Plan, accepted on

Eastern Mediterranean. June 21, 2020, complements the ideas above-men-

On the other hand, it is important to main- tioned and it assessing these ideas together with

tain the advantageous position supported by UN the Plan will be beneficial.

PATRIOTIC PARTY’S PLAN FOR BLACK SEA – MEDITERRANEAN FRIENDSHIP AND PEACE 21 June 2020

1. US and NATO bases that threaten pe- 5. Crimea should be recognized as terri-

ace and development in the Black Sea, Caspian tory of the Russian Federation.

Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean and Arabian 6. In order to put an end to the occupa-

Sea regions should be closed, and the fight tion of Armenia in Karabakh, which is part of

against US-supported separatists and fanatical Azerbaijani territory, regional states should put

terrorists should be supported. pressure on Armenia. The territorial integrity of

2. The Turkish and Greek peoples of Cy- Azerbaijan should be respected.

prus are members of separate nations. It is no 7. Syria's territorial and state integrity longer possible for them to live together becaumust be respected, and peace should be esse of their painful past. These two peoples have tablished in Syria. Syria must be cleansed of had to determine their future separately. A real separatist and fanatical terrorist organisations. Turkish-Greek friendship can only be built on

this very basis. Similarly, the State of Abkhazia The US should stop occupying Syrian territory

is the state of the Abkhazian nation and is a and should withdraw from Syria. The Astana

factor for peace, stability, and security in the Process conducted by Iran, Russia and Turkey

Black Sea. Recognition of the Turkish Republic and the Sochi Agreement between Turkey and

of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and the Republic Russia are the only way forward for a peaceful

of Abkhazia by regional states and the interna- solution.

tional community will disrupt US hegemonic 8. Israel's occupation of Arab lands and

plans and serve peace, stability, and prosperity. their oppression of the Palestinian people should

3. Turkey's protection of its legitimate end. The independent Palestinian State, with its

rights in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterra- capital as Jerusalem, should be recognised.

nean is compatible with the interests of Black Sea 9. Turkey, Russia, Iran, Syria, the Turkish

and Eastern Mediterranean countries: Russia, Republic of Northern Cyprus, Abkhazia, China,

Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Italy. Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Boli-

Therefore, Turkey should be supported in its varian Republic of Venezuela and Cuba should

rightful defence of its blue homeland in the Easwage a joint fight against sanctions and for the tern Mediterranean against military threats by lifting of the embargos. Free trade and econothe US-Israel-Greece-Southern Cyprus alliance. mic cooperation between countries should be 4. The US-led intervention in Libya established. Trade in national currencies must be should be ended, and Libya's legitimate gover-

nment should be supported. Protecting Libyan developed to end the supremacy of the US dollar

territorial integrity is essential. The struggle of for the welfare of the peoples of the world.

Libya's UN-recognized legitimate government 10. Barriers to free transportation, com-

to unite its homeland by any means is both munication, tourism, economic and cultural

rightful and the only solution for peace in the development between the Black Sea, Caspian

Mediterranean. Libyan oil belongs to the Libyan Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean and Arabian

state and nation. Sea countries should be removed.

References Khramchikhin, A. A. (2018, August 27). Komu nujneye

rossiyskaya voyennaya baza v Gyumri. Nezavisimaya

Abay, E. G. (2019, July 26). Rusya’dan Doğu Akdeniz’de Gazeta. Retrieved from https://www.ng.ru/

Türkiye ile işbirliği sinyali. Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved armies/2018-08-27/7_7297_armenia.html from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusyadan-

dogu-akdenizde-turkiye-ile-is-birligi- La Règle du jeu. (2020, June 27). BHL face à

sinyali/1541943 Zemmour. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=cAAcQ15MqCE Anpilogov, A. (2020, January 6). İzrailskiy gazoprovod

sblizit Rossiyu i Turtsiyu. Vzglyad. Retrieved from Lenta.Ru. (2020, July 14). Zaçem mog ponadobitsya

https://vz.ru/economy/2020/1/6/1016897.html konflikt na armyano-azerbaycanskoy granitse.

Retrieved from https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/07/14/ Assad, A. (2020, May 14). Haftar owes Russian Wagner konflict/ Group $150 million as rift grows over rookie fighters.

The Libya Observer. Retrieved from https://www. Lorient Le Jour. (2020, June 11). Russie et Turquie,

libyaobserver.ly/news/report-haftar-owes-russian- entre jeux de pouvoir et recherche d’accord en

wagner-group-150-million-rift-grows-over-rookie- Libye. Retrieved from https://www.lorientlejour.

fighters com/article/1221451/russie-et-turquie-entre-jeux-

de-pouvoir-et-recherche-daccord-en-libye.html Aydınlık. (2018, April 4). ABD istihbaratı Erivan’ı

sardı. Retrieved from https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/ MK (Moskovsky Komsomolets). (2020, July 18).

abd-istihbarati-erivan-i-sardi-dunya-nisan-2018 ‘Plyunut i rasteret’: Simonyan derzko napominala

Armenii pro nepriznannıy Krım. Retrieved from Aydınlık. (2020a, April 29). ABD Hafter birliklerini https://www.mk.ru/politics/2020/07/18/plyunut-iişte bu kampta eğitiyor. Retrieved from https:// rasteret-simonyan-derzko-napomnila-armenii-proaydinlik.com.tr/abd-hafter-birliklerini-iste-bunepriznannyy-krym.html kampta-egitiyor-206820 Oda TV. (2020, August 15). Türkiye adını Libya ile Aydınlık. (2020b, June 29). Rus Wagner’in duymuştu... Wagner’in başı değişti. Retrieved from kurucusundan Gülen mesajı. Retrieved from https://odatv4.com/wagnerin-basi-degisti-15082014. https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/rus-wagner-in-

kurucusundan-gulen-mesaji-211638 html

Aydınlık. (2020c, August 4). Aliyev: Ermenistan Opinion Internationale. (2020, July 3). Libye: la France

yönetimi Sorosçu. Retrieved from https:// et l’Europe doivent intervenir. La chronique de

aydinlik.com.tr/haber/aliyev-ermenistan-yonetimi- Michel Scarbonchi. Retrieved from https://www.

soroscu-214993 opinion-internationale.com/2020/07/03/libye-la-

france-et-leurope-doivent-intervenir-la-chronique- Belozerov, O. (2020, July 17). İgor Korotçenko: de-michel-scarbonchi_77635.html Ermenistan’daki ABD’ye ait askeri biyo-

laboratuvarlar Rusya’yı tehdit ediyor. Aydınlık. Perinçek, M. (2020a, April 22). ABD, Trablus’a

Retrieved from https://aydinlik.com.tr/haber/igor- saldıracak Hafter birliklerini eğitiyor. Aydınlık.

korotcenko-ermenistan-daki-abd-ye-ait-askeri-biyo- Retrieved from https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/

laboratuvarlar-rusya-yi-tehdit-ediyor-213415 haber/abd-trablus-a-saldiracak-hafter-birliklerini-

egitiyor-206099 Danilov, I. (2020, January 7). “Tşyotnaya popıtka”:

Turtsiya protiv novogo “ubiytsı Russkogo Perinçek, M. (2020b, April 26). Hafter’in birliklerini

gaza”. RIA Novosti. Retrieved from https://ria. eğiten Amerikalılar. Aydınlık. Retrieved from https://

ru/20200107/1563151322.html www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/hafter-in-birliklerini-

egiten-amerikalilar-206480 Edelman, E. & Wald, C. (2020a, June 8). America must

act in Libya against Turkey, Russia. Breaking Defense. Perinçek, M. (2020c, May 7). Hafter’in yanındaki

Retrieved from https://breakingdefense. Fransızlar ve İtalyanlar. Retrieved from https://www.

com/2020/06/america-must-act-in-libya-against- aydinlik.com.tr/hafter-in-yanindaki-fransizlar-ve-

turkey-russia/ italyanlar-207417

Edelman, E. & Wald, C. (2020b, May). Turkey’s Perinçek, M. (2020d, May 28). ABD kukla devletin

escalation in Libya: Implications and U.S. altyapısı için PKK’ya petrol çıkarttırıyor. Aydınlık.

policy options. JINSA Gemunder Center’s Retrieved from https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/

Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project. Retrieved abd-kukla-devletin-altyapisi-icin-pkk-ya-petrol-

from https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ cikarttiriyor-208877

Turkey%E2%80%99s-Escalation-in-Libya- RIA Novosti. (2019, October 7). Na Kipre proizoşyol

Implications-and-U.S.-Policy-Options.pdf skandal iz-za rasistskogo napadeniya na Rossiyanku.

Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20191007/1559509686.html conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Retrieved

RIA Novosti. (2020, June 4). Vitse-premyer PNS Livii from https://uwidata.com/12635-the-geopolitics-of-

Sprognoziroval Snijenie Eskalatsii Konflikta. the-conflict-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan/

Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20200604/1572460181. Yıldız, H. (2020, June 6). Libya Başbakan Yardımcısı

html Muaytik: Türkiye ile stratejik ortaklık Libya’nın inşası

Rudaw. (2020, June 18). Rojavalı Kürtlerin uzlaştığı için sürecek. Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://

Duhok Anlaşması’nın içeriğinde ne var? www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/libya-basbakan-yardimcisi-

Retrieved from https://www.rudaw.net/turkish/ muaytik-turkiye-ile-stratejik-ortaklik-libyanin-

kurdistan/180620209 insasi-icin-surecek/1867141

Sputnik. (2020, January 16). AB: Rusya ve Türkiye’nin Zalfaoui, Z. (2020, June 30). Libye: Comment le deal

Libya’da Suriye senaryosunu tekrarlamasına turco-russe s’est fait sur le dos de la France et du

karşıyız. Retrieved from https://tr.sputniknews.com/ maréchal Haftar. Maghreb Intelligence. Retrieved

avrupa/202001161041017378-ab-rusya-ve- from http://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/libye-

turkiyenin-libyada-suriye-senaryosunu- comment-le-deal-turco-russe-sest-fait-sur-le-dos-

tekrarlamasina-karsiyiz/ de-la-france-et-du-marechal-haftar/

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Репортёр. (2020, January 7). Poçemu Rossii stoit

Federation. (2020, June 3). O Vstreçe S. V. Lavrova podderjat Turtsiyu v borbe s İsrailskim gazom.

s Ahmedom Maytigom i Muhammedom Siyaloy. http://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/libye-

Retrieved from https://www.mid.ru/web/guest/ comment-le-deal-turco-russe-sest-fait-sur-le-dos-

foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_ de-la-france-et-du-marechal-haftar/ https://topcor.

publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/4145579 ru/12624-pochemu-rossii-stoit-podderzhat-turciju-

United World. (2020, July 22). The geopolitics of the v-borbe-s-izrailskim-gazom.html